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In the chemical process industry, pyrolysis refers to a partial thermal degradation of carbonaceous materials that takes place in an inert (oxygen free) atmosphere and produces both gases, liquids and solids. Pyrolysis is different from Gasification. Pyrolysis produces solids ( char), condensable liquids, (light and heavy oils and tar), and non-condensable gasses. It differs from other processes like combustion and hydrolysis in that it usually does not involve the addition of other reagents such as oxygen (O 2, in combustion) or water (in hydrolysis). Pyrolysis is one of the various types of chemical degradation processes that occur at higher temperatures (above the boiling point of water or other solvents). Aspirational applications of pyrolysis would convert biomass into syngas and biochar, waste plastics back into usable oil, or waste into safely disposable substances. It is used also in the conversion of natural gas (primarily methane) into hydrogen gas and solid carbon char, recently introduced on an industrial scale. The process is used heavily in the chemical industry, for example, to produce ethylene, many forms of carbon, and other chemicals from petroleum, coal, and even wood, or to produce coke from coal.

Pyrolysis is considered the first step in the processes of gasification or combustion. Extreme pyrolysis, which leaves mostly carbon as the residue, is called carbonization.

In general, pyrolysis of organic substances produces volatile products and leaves char, a carbon-rich solid residue. It is one of the processes involved in charring wood. Pyrolysis is most commonly used in the treatment of organic materials. The word is coined from the Greek-derived elements pyro 'fire', 'heat', 'fever' and lysis 'separating'. At high temperatures, excessive vibration causes long chain molecules to break into smaller molecules. Temperature can be understood as thermal vibration.

The pyrolysis (or devolatilization) process is the thermal decomposition of materials at elevated temperatures, often in an inert atmosphere. Burning pieces of wood, showing various stages of pyrolysis followed by oxidative combustion. For other uses, see Kalla (disambiguation).

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